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What are the Classification of Amino acids?

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Amino acids can be  classified  into 4 types: Classification based on the position of “-NH 2 ” Classification based on the composition of “-R’ side chain Classification based on the Nutritional requirement Classification based on the Metabolic Fate a) Classification based on the position of “-NH 2 ”: Amino acids can be classified into THREE types: i)  α-amino acid:  The amino group attached to the next carbon of the carboxyl group is called “α-amino acid” All naturally occurring amino acids are in “α-L-amino acids”. ii)  β-amino acid:  the amino group attached to the third carbon (numbering from Carboxyl group) of the amino acid is called “β-amino acid”. Eg: β-alanine, it is one of the end product of  Pyrimidine catabolism . iii)  γ-amino acid:  the amino group attached to the Fourth carbon (numbering from Carboxyl group) of the amino acid is called “γ-amino acid”. Eg: GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid) amino acid types based...
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Chemiosmotic Theory by ATP Synthase Complex

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ATP is synthesized by  ATP Synthase , which is an enzyme complex made of a proton-conducting F­­ 0 unit and a catalyst F 1  unit. The mitochondrial inner membrane contains the ATP synthesizing enzyme complex called ‘ ATP synthase ’(or) ‘ F 0  F 1 -ATPase ’. (F for factor). F 1  component is like a “door-knob” protruding into the matrix from the inner membrane. It is attached by a stalk to F 0  component, which is embedded in the inner membrane and extends across it, (“O” denotes, it is the protein of enzyme which binds the toxic antibiotic “Oligomycin”). Thus the physiological role of the F 1  component is to catalyze the synthesis of ATP. The spherical F 1  component (MW=360Kdal) contains a polypeptide chain subunits of five kinds (designated as α,β,γ,δ and ε) arranged into a cluster. It has many binding sites for ATP and ADP. The cuboid F 0 component is a hydrophobic segment of polypeptide chains. F­ 0  is the proton channel of the en...
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Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty acids Notes

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Glucose entering the  TCA cycle  is used for the  biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids  by converting TCA Cycle citrate to acetyl coenzyme~A (acetyl~CoA), and then malonyl~CoA, which is used to produce palmitate. The glycerol backbone of TGs comes from glycolytic glycerol-3-phosphate. Triglycerides are the primary lipid synthesized, and serve as a starting point for other lipids such as steroids and phospholipids. Biosynthesis of  Saturated Fatty acids  primarily occurs in hepatocyte cytoplasm. Acetyl CoA and NADPH are both necessary for Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty acids. Steps involved in Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty acids: Acetyl Coenzyme A: Coenzyme A consists of and chain made up of ADP, pantothenic acid, and triethanolamine, with an H 2 S group on the end which binds the acetate group of acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is produced in the matrix of the mitochondria, but fatty acid biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol. Citrate synthase frees...
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